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Credit Risk Structuring

What stands between your capital and a loss.

We are going to do something most finance marketing avoids: start with what can go wrong. Businesses can fail, loans can sour, and nothing on this page eliminates that. What good credit risk structuring does is put layers of structure between a problem and your money, to help absorb it before it reaches you. Here they are, in the order a problem meets them.

Apxium's lending record
9+ years
Kasu Lender losses
Zero
InvoiceMate's lending record
3+ years
Security, Recourse & Controls

For a loss to reach you, it has to get through layers like these.

  1. The first layer is not a legal document. It is the decision about who gets funded at all.

    The underlying borrowers are established, creditworthy businesses in mature industries: accounting firms, professional practices, payment providers with years of trading history. Not startups, not speculative ventures, not rescue finance.

    Most lending risk is decided at this moment, before a dollar moves.

    Example

    A multi-partner accounting firm with a decade of trading generates $7m a year. Clients pay on 60-day terms, so about $1.2m sits in receivables at any time: predictable, non-discretionary work, spread across many small invoices with minimal concentration risk.

    This is the firm Whole Ledger Funding is built for. It borrows against those invoices to fund growth, and as the invoices are paid, so is the debt.

  2. Each Credit Originator applies a rigorous credit assessment to every borrower before a dollar is lent.

    Profitability, cash flow and balance sheet metrics, stress-tested; for receivables strategies, a granular view of the receivables themselves. Apxium applies credit ratings built on institutional ratings standards (S&P, Moody's, Fitch) before any approval.

    InvoiceMate grades every borrower across fourteen criteria, from financial strength and track record to technology, operational controls and key-person reliance.

    Example, from Taxation Payment Funding

    A profitable medical clinic wanted to expand, but a large tax bill from its best year yet stood in the way. A TaxPay loan converted the upfront obligation into twelve monthly instalments, freeing the cash to invest.

    Assessed, stress-tested, rated, then approved.

  3. Kasu works with Credit Originators who attract institutional senior debt, because nothing validates credit like an institution lending its own money.

    Rixon Capital, a Sydney-based institutional credit fund, ran its own due diligence on Apxium and Kasu. The result: a senior facility for Apxium's Australia-based Lending Strategies, with the option to scale to A$40m.

    Lenders on Kasu participate in the same capital stack through Mezzanine and Junior rankings, with the benefit of Rixon's underwriting and its ongoing covenant and risk monitoring. Applies to Apxium's Australia-based Lending Strategies.

    For Payment Financing, the validation comes from New York: Cicada Partners, a credit manager with more than $860M underwritten, spent months underwriting InvoiceMate before lending against its PayFi book, through an institutional credit fund backed by Ripple, and rated it in the top quartile of borrowers it assesses.

    Institutions do not validate marketing. They validate structure.

    Plain-English version

    Think of it like buying into a building a bank has already lent against after doing its own valuation. You are not relying on the seller's story. Someone with real money at stake checked it first.

  4. Each Credit Originator's facility documentation establishes security and recourse arrangements that help protect against borrower default.

    The instruments vary by strategy: equitable assignments over receivables, set-off rights, guarantee and indemnity, directors' guarantees, step-in rights, post-dated cheques, payments made directly to the tax authority. Exceptions apply, and each strategy lists its own set below.

    The record: in nine years of lending, Apxium has not suffered a single loss. In three years, InvoiceMate's only losses were 0.2% on an unrelated SMB strategy, touching a sliver of interest and no principal.

    Two honest notes. Rights are exercised where recovery justifies the cost. And where a borrower also has a senior secured bank, the bank ranks ahead.

    Example — the recourse cascade

    An accounting firm borrows against invoices its clients pay over ten months. If a repayment is late, Apxium debits the firm's account under its Direct Debit Authority. Any shortfall is recovered from the firm's unfunded collections under its Set-Off Right.

    Behind those stand a Guarantee & Indemnity, Directors' Guarantees, Step-in Rights, and a Right to Perfect Title over the end debtor.

  5. Kasu works with Credit Originators whose own technology improves borrowers' financial workflows, cutting risk at the source.

    Apxium's receivables automation reduces debtor days by up to 50% before a dollar is lent, and its payments technology remits TaxPay funds directly to the tax authority, eliminating funds-diversion risk.

    InvoiceMate integrates with borrowers' books and gates every remittance through a verification engine that cross-checks both order books, with concentration and counterparty checks, before funding.

    Example

    A Payment Service Provider with a twenty-year history processes up to $21b across the UAE–India remittance corridor. Traditional lenders lack the technology to manage risk in payments moving that fast.

    InvoiceMate pre-funds only approved payments already in flight, waiting hours to three days to clear, with every transaction gated before funding.

  6. Facilities carry covenants: financial and reporting conditions the borrower must keep meeting for the life of the loan, not just on the day it is signed.

    Covenants work like smoke alarms: calibrated to trip early, while a problem is still small. The borrower reports on a set cycle, the originator's collections technology sits in the middle of every repayment, and the institutional senior lender monitors independently.

    When something drifts, a private lender can act: tighten terms, stop drawdowns, begin collections. A bondholder can only watch the price fall.

    Example

    TaxPay borrowers must maintain a debt service coverage ratio of at least 1.1x, reported on an ongoing basis. The moment it slips, an assessment follows: a cure period, or immediate debt reduction.

Strategy by Strategy

Risk Management.

No universal checklist, deliberately: each Lending Strategy owns its facts. Exceptions apply; the app shows each strategy's list before you commit.

  • Taxation Payment Funding

    Security & Recourse

    • Guarantee & Indemnity
    • Personal Guarantees
    • Step-in Rights

    Structural Controls

    • Loan funds drawn directly to the tax/revenue authority

    Financial Covenants

    • Min. Net Tangible Assets (NTA)
    • Min. Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
    • Max. Debt Ratio

    Reporting Covenants

    • Statutory Accounts/Financials
    • Integrated Activity Statements and Tax Accounts
    • Management Accounts/Financials provided

    Minimum eligibility criteria apply to track record/performance.

  • Whole Ledger Funding

    Security & Recourse

    • Guarantee & Indemnity
    • Personal Guarantees (exceptions apply)
    • Equitable Assignment over Accounts Receivable
    • Right of Offset (also access unfunded debtor payments)
    • Step-in Rights
    • Right to Perfect Title

    Structural Controls

    • Must utilise Apxium's WIP and Receivables reporting software
    • Daily cash sweep from the Firm's Collections Bank Account
    • Automated chargebacks if funding exceeds covenant levels
    • Direct Debit Authority over the Firm's bank account that exceed max. invoice ageing
    • Ability to redirect all receivables payments to Apxium

    Financial Covenants

    • Max. invoice and WIP LVR
    • Min. Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
    • Max. ageing of funded invoice
    • Exposure limits and concentration caps
    • Min. cash balance/buffer

    Reporting Covenants

    • Periodic WIP reporting
    • Statutory Accounts/Financials
    • Aged Receivables reporting

    Minimum eligibility criteria apply to track record/performance.

  • Professional Fee Funding

    Security & Recourse

    • Guarantee & Indemnity
    • Personal Guarantees (exceptions apply)
    • Equitable Assignment over Accounts Receivable
    • Right of Offset (also access unfunded debtor payments)
    • Step-in Rights
    • Right to Perfect Title

    Structural Controls

    • Must use Apxium's accounts receivable software and payment rails
    • No invoice is funded until the client's first instalment is made
    • Instalment loan repayments are made by the Firm's debtor client directly to Apxium
    • Direct Debit Authority over the Firm's collections bank account
    • Ability to redirect all receivables payments to Apxium

    Financial Covenants

    • Max. invoice LVR, subject to concentration limits
    • Exposure limits and concentration caps

    Reporting Covenants

    • Automated, real-time reporting of receivables ledger via Apxium's integrated AR software
    • Statutory Accounts/Financials

    Minimum eligibility criteria apply to track record/performance.

  • Payment Financing (PayFi)

    Security & Recourse

    • Corporate Guarantee
    • Personal Guarantees (exceptions apply)
    • Standing Receivables Assignment
    • Post-Dated Cheque

    Structural Controls

    • Capital deployed only against verified payments already in motion
    • Funding flows reported on-chain with a cryptographic audit trail
    • Underlying payment event must be verified
    • Funded payments settle in InvoiceMate wallets (self liquidating)

    Financial Covenants

    • Max. underlying tenor of remittances
    • Concentration and exposure limit caps
    • Max. aged receivable
    • Minimum liquidity reserve

    Reporting Covenants

    • Real-time on-chain dashboard
    • Annual audit by a recognised/reputable firm
    • Periodic reporting
    • Periodic reconciliation
    • Weekly written report
    • Statutory Accounts/Financials

    Minimum eligibility criteria apply to track record/performance.

The Worst Day

What can happen when a loan goes wrong.

Most finance platforms stop before this section. What follows is not a script: it is the cascade of rights that exists in the facility documents, using Apxium's Professional Fee Funding strategy as the example. Rights are exercised where recovery justifies the cost, and where a senior secured bank exists, it ranks first.

  1. A repayment is late

    The direct debit fires

    The direct debit over the Accounting Firm's bank account fires; debits the Accounting Firm's bank account for the entire outstanding loan amount, not just the missed repayment.

  2. If a shortfall remains

    The right of offset applies

    The gap is recovered from the firm's other invoice collections, the ones not financed, under the facility's Set-Off Right.

  3. Meanwhile

    The covenants tighten the facility

    The drift shows up in reporting and collections data. New drawdowns pause while the position is assessed: cure period, or debt reduction. To date it has never reached this stage; the worst case has been step two above.

  4. If default hardens

    The guarantees are called

    Where the facility carries them, the Guarantee & Indemnity and Directors' Guarantees extend recovery beyond the failed company to those who stood behind it. It has never reached this level, hence Apxium's 0% loss rate.

  5. Last resort, and through it all

    Step-in rights, and the ranking absorbs the rest

    Equitable Assignment over Receivables, Step-in Rights and the Right to Perfect Title over end debtors sit at the bottom of the cascade. No Lender on Kasu has lost capital. A track record, not a promise.

  • Not a bank
  • Not insured
  • Capital is at risk
  • Terms shown on every strategy before you commit
A Note on the Word "Guarantee"

Guarantees on the loans. No guarantee on your return.

On this page, "guarantee" means one thing: a legal instrument where a director or company stands behind a borrower's debt. Standard credit practice for a century, and one reason this lending recovers well when things go wrong.

It never means your return is guaranteed or your capital protected. No government guarantee stands behind Kasu; the structure on this page is the protection, and there is nothing behind it. We would rather you commit capital knowing exactly that, or not at all.

The Record

Structure is the theory. This is the evidence.

Lent through the platform's strategies to date
$17.57M
Apxium's lending track record, through rate cycles and a pandemic, with not one realised loss
9+ yrs
Lender losses to date, across all lending on Kasu
Zero
Shows its own specific list of protections in the app, before you commit anything
Every strategy

Figures as at 14 September 2026, from the same source as the app, and verifiable on request. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Capital is at risk.

Now see what your capital could earn inside this structure.

Every strategy on the platform shows its rate, its ranking, its security, and its record. Judge each one against the layers you have just read.

Explore the strategiesWhat is private credit?

Private credit. Public access. Institutional-grade lending returns, open to everyone.

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© 2026 Kasu. All rights reserved. Kasu is a financial technology platform, not a bank. Digital asset services are not insured by any government guarantee or deposit insurance scheme. All investments carry risk, and your capital is at risk; past performance is not indicative of future results. Kasu does not provide investment, financial, tax, or legal advice. Services are not available to residents of restricted jurisdictions or where prohibited by law.